快速的視覺—正字法加工對於流暢閱讀是很重要的，而且可能受到兩種不同的機製（調製機製與任務效應調控）的影響。
這兩種機製似乎遵循著不同的發展軌跡。對文字的粗略調製在初學閱讀時非常凸顯，其發生在內隱的閱讀任務中，而且真詞和偽詞都會有類似的反應。粗略調製的這種發展模式可以推廣到其他的文字係統中，正如在中文研究中所發現的結果。文字粗略調製的發展模式可以用兩種不同的模型來解釋。一種是局部特征探測器所引起的自下而上的加工，一種是通過自動化的自上而下的預期所引發的交互式加工。但是，兩個模型對於文字的精細調製有著不同的預測。局部探測器模型預測越規則的字母串的激活越強，而交互作用說預測越不規則的字母串的激活越強。但是，對結果的解釋因實驗任務效應的存在而變得複雜起來。盡管ERP具有很高的時間分辨率，可以允許研究者去探查視覺—正字法加工的早期階段，但是有研究發現ERP的早期階段就已存在任務效應。任務效應與文字精細調製效應的重疊使得解釋支持或反對兩個模型的結果變得很困難。未來的研究需要找到更好的方式來控製實驗任務帶來的效應。
如果不考慮在正字法加工神經模型的背景下去解釋那些效應，ERP測量已被證明是捕獲正常及閱讀障礙人群初學閱讀時的重要神經活動的有用工具。本章介紹的這些成果正是未來研究的出發點。未來研究需要繼續探索正字法加工的神經機製以及這些加工機製在兒童學習閱讀過程中的發展模式。
摘要 Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) of the EEG have a high temporal resolution and are able to capture millisecond-to-millisecond changes of the electric fields on the scalp that are generated by neural activation.The N1 component of the ERP that occurs between about 150 and 200 ms after stimulus presentation has been shown to be sensitive to orthographic properties of visual words.Here we review how coarse and fine tuning for print occurs in adult skilled readers, how it develops in children who learn to read, and how it is impaired in dyslexia.We further discuss how these findings can be interpreted in neural models of orthographic processing, and how the findings from alphabetic languages relate to reading in Chinese.
Keywords
visual-orthographic processing, coarse neural tuning, fine neural tuning, electroencephalogram, dyslexia, development
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[1] 香港中文大學心理學係
[2] 中國科學院心理研究所